野外超便攜式調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x，PAM-2100的濃縮版
mini-pam——外觀mini，但功能絕不mini！
schreiber教授因發(fā)明pam系列調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x而獲得首屆光合作用協(xié)會（ispr）創(chuàng)新獎(jiǎng)
1983年，walz公司*科學(xué)家、德國烏茲堡大學(xué)的ulrich schreiber教授設(shè)計(jì)制造了**臺調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-101/102/103，并在植物生理、生態(tài)、農(nóng)學(xué)、林學(xué)、水生生物學(xué)等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用，出版了大量高水平研究文獻(xiàn)。但該儀器比較笨重，不易帶到野外。
1992年，ulrich schreiber教授設(shè)計(jì)制造了**臺便攜式調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-2000（現(xiàn)已升級到pam-2100），由于其既能在室內(nèi)使用，也方便野外使用，因此在此后十幾年中成為zui的調(diào)制熒光儀。
1996年，walz公司在濃縮pam-2000功能的基礎(chǔ)上，設(shè)計(jì)制造了一臺更加方便攜帶的超便攜式調(diào)制熒光儀——mini-pam。該儀器對pam-2000的功能進(jìn)行了濃縮，更加適合野外操作，同時(shí)價(jià)格也更加便宜。
系統(tǒng)描述
mini-pam采用了*的調(diào)制技術(shù)和飽和脈沖技術(shù)，從而可以通過選擇性的原位測量葉綠素?zé)晒鈦頇z測植物光合作用的變化。mini-pam的調(diào)制測量光足夠低，可以只激發(fā)色素的本底熒光而不引起任何的光合作用，從而可以真實(shí)的記錄基礎(chǔ)熒光fo。mini-pam具有很強(qiáng)的靈敏度和選擇性，使其即使在很強(qiáng)的、未經(jīng)濾光片處理的環(huán)境下（如全日照甚至是10000 μmol m-2 s-1的飽和光強(qiáng)下）也可測定熒光產(chǎn)量而不受到干擾。mini-pam是野外光合作用研究的強(qiáng)大工具。
超便攜式調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨xmini-pam的特點(diǎn)在于快速、可靠的測量光合作用光化學(xué)能量轉(zhuǎn)換的實(shí)際量子產(chǎn)量。此外，mini-pam秉承了walz公司pam系列產(chǎn)品的一貫優(yōu)點(diǎn)，通過應(yīng)用調(diào)制測量光來選擇性的測量活體葉綠素?zé)晒狻；趧?chuàng)新性的光電設(shè)計(jì)和高級微處理器技術(shù)，mini-pam在達(dá)到超便攜設(shè)計(jì)的同時(shí)可以得到靈敏、可靠的結(jié)果。同時(shí)，mini-pam的操作非常簡單。
測量光合量子產(chǎn)量只需一個(gè)按鍵（start）操作即可，儀器會自動測量熒光產(chǎn)量（f）和zui大熒光（fm），并計(jì)算光合量子產(chǎn)量（y＝δf/fm），得到的數(shù)據(jù)會在液晶顯示屏上顯示同時(shí)自動存儲。此外mini-pam還有許多模式（mode）菜單，包括熒光淬滅分析（qp、qn和npq）和記錄光響應(yīng)曲線等，以滿足用戶的特殊需要。
連接光適應(yīng)葉夾2030-b后，可以測量光合有效輻射（par）、葉片溫度和相對電子傳遞速率（retr）。內(nèi)置電池可以滿足1000次量子產(chǎn)量測量的需要，儀器內(nèi)存可以存儲4000組數(shù)據(jù)。
windows操作軟件wincontrol可以進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸、數(shù)據(jù)分析和遙控操作。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版的mini-pam采用紅光作為測量光。根據(jù)用戶需要，我們也可提供以藍(lán)光（470 nm）作為測量光的mini-pam。
特點(diǎn)
1）聲譽(yù)*的pam-2000的濃縮版
2）精巧、準(zhǔn)確、迅速、操作簡便的高級光合作用檢測設(shè)備
3）可單機(jī)操作（采用內(nèi)置電腦），可連接外置電腦操作（windows操作軟件wincontrol）
4）超便攜式設(shè)計(jì)，帶液晶顯示屏和8個(gè)按鍵
5）強(qiáng)大的數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析和存貯功能
6）能耗低，內(nèi)置鋰電池可滿足長時(shí)間野外工作需要，并可連接外置12 v電池
7）多種葉夾可供選擇，設(shè)計(jì)的光適應(yīng)葉夾2030-b可同時(shí)記錄par和溫度變化
8）光源選擇：自然光，內(nèi)置光源（提供測量光、光化光和飽和脈沖），可選外置鹵素?zé)艄庠矗ㄌ貏e適合野外研究）
功能
1）可測熒光誘導(dǎo)曲線并進(jìn)行淬滅分析（fo, fm, fv/fm, f, fm", δf/fm’, qp, qn, npq, retr, par和葉溫等）
2）可測光響應(yīng)曲線和快速光曲線（rlc）
3）51個(gè)內(nèi)置模式菜單，方便參數(shù)設(shè)置和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測量
4）可在線監(jiān)測植物、微藻、地衣、苔蘚等的光合作用變化
5）功能強(qiáng)大，特別適合野外操作，實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)利用wincontrol控制時(shí)可自編程序
應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
儀器設(shè)計(jì)特別適合野外使用，可用于研究光合作用機(jī)理、各種環(huán)境因子（光、溫、營養(yǎng)等）對植物生理狀態(tài)的影響、植物抗逆性（干旱、冷、熱、澇、uv、病毒、污染、重金屬等）、植物的長期生態(tài)學(xué)變化等。在植物生理學(xué)、植物生態(tài)學(xué)、植物病理學(xué)、農(nóng)學(xué)、林學(xué)、園藝學(xué)、水生生物學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、微藻生物技術(shù)、極地植物光合作用研究等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛應(yīng)用。
系統(tǒng)組成
mini-pam的基本組成包括主機(jī)（1）和光纖（2）。主機(jī)內(nèi)置大容量可充電鋰電池（12 v/2 ah），可供長時(shí)間野外操作（約1000次量子產(chǎn)量測定）。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)還包括一個(gè)電池充電器（3）和一個(gè)“距離葉夾"（4），以及一個(gè)運(yùn)輸箱（5）。
可選附件包括：可在測量熒光參數(shù)的同時(shí)測量par和溫度的光適應(yīng)葉夾2030-b（6）；微型光量子/溫度傳感器2060-m（7），可用于測量非葉片狀樣品的par和溫度；可安裝2030-b或2060-m的三角架st-2101a（8）；暗適應(yīng)葉夾dlc-8（9），帶滑片開關(guān)，重4 g；微光纖（10），可用于測量微型樣品，或與便攜式光合作用測量系統(tǒng)gfs-3000的葉室連用在自然光下同步測量氣體交換和葉綠素?zé)晒狻?/span>
可與光合儀連用，同步測量氣體交換和熒光
mini-pam可以利用微光纖與便攜式光合作用測量系統(tǒng)gfs-3000連用，在*不遮蔭的自然光下同步測量氣體交換與葉綠素?zé)晒?/span>，特別適合野外生理、生態(tài)學(xué)研究。
技術(shù)參數(shù)
測量光：紅色發(fā)光二極管（led），650 nm；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)光強(qiáng)0.15 μmol m-2 s-1par；調(diào)制頻率0.6或20 khz，自動轉(zhuǎn)換。
光化光：鹵素?zé)簦?v/20w，藍(lán)色增強(qiáng)，λ<710 nm，zui大連續(xù)光強(qiáng)6000 μmol m-2 s-1par。
飽和脈沖：鹵素?zé)簦?v/20w，藍(lán)色增強(qiáng)，λ<710 nm，zui大飽和閃光強(qiáng)度18000 μmol m-2 s-1par。
信號檢測：pin-光電二極管，帶短波截止濾光片（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版：λ>710 nm；mini-pam/b：λ>650 nm）；選擇性鎖相放大器（設(shè)計(jì)）。
數(shù)據(jù)存儲：cmos ram 128 kb，可存儲4000組數(shù)據(jù)
測量參數(shù)：fo, fm, fm’, f, fv/fm(max. yield), δf/fm’(yield), qp, qn, npq, etr, par和葉溫等。
環(huán)境溫度：-5～＋40℃，在極地研究中得到成功應(yīng)用
部分文獻(xiàn)1. roessink i, belgers jdm, crum sjh, van den brink pj, brock tcm, 2006. impact of triphenyltin acetate in microcosms simulating floodplain lakes. ii. comparison of species sensitivity distributions between laboratory and semi-field. ecotoxicology and environmental safety: in press.
2. raftoyannis y, radoglou k, halivopoulos g, 2006. ecophysiology and survival of acer pseudoplatanus l., castanea sativa miller. and quercus frainetto ten. seedlings on a reforestation site in northern greece new forests 31: 151-163.
3. neto d, carvalho lm, cruz c, martins-loução ma, 2006. how do mycorrhizas affect c and n relationships in flooded aster tripolium plants? . plant and soil 279: 51-63.
4. munshi mk, kobayashi y, shikanai t, 2006. crr6 is a novel factor required for accumulation of the chloroplast nad(p)h dehydrogenase complex in arabidopsis. plant physiology: in press.
5. kytridis v-p, manetas y, 2006. mesophyll versus epidermal anthocyanins as potential in vivo antioxidants: evidence linking the putative antioxidant role to the proximity of oxy-radical source. journal of experimental botany: in press.
6. fernandez md, 2006. changes in photosynthesis and fluorescence in response to flooding in emerged and submerged leaves of pouteria orinocoensis photosynthetica 44: 32-38.
7. zaltsman a, ori n, adam z, 2005. two types of ftsh protease subunits are required for chloroplast biogenesis and photosystem ii repair in arabidopsis the plant cell 17: 2782-2790.
8. yamamoto a, bhuiyan mnh, waditee r, tanaka y, esaka m, oba k, jagendorf at, takabe t, 2005. suppressed expression of the apoplastic ascorbate oxidase gene increases salt tolerance in tobacco and arabidopsis plants journal of experimental botany 56: 1785-1796.
9. smethurst cf, garnett t, shabala s, 2005. nutritional and chlorophyll fluorescence responses of lucerne (medicago sativa) to waterlogging and subsequent recovery. plant and soil 270: 31-45.
10. shabala s, shabala l, van volkenburgh e, newman i, 2005. effect of divalent cations on ion fluxes and leaf photochemistry in salinized barley leaves journal of experimental botany 56: 1369-1378.
11. scarano fr, duarte hm, franco ac, geler a, de mattos ea, nahm m, rennenberg h, zaluar hlt, lüttge u, 2005. ecophysiology of se-lected tree species in different plant communities at the periphery of the atlantic forest of se-brazil i. performance of three different species of clusia in an array of plant communities. trees 19: 497-509.
12. okegawa y, tsuyama m, kobayashi y, shikanai t, 2005. the pgr1 mutation in the rieske subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex does not affect pgr5-dependent cyclic electron transport around photosystem i. the journal of biological chemistry 280: 28332-28336.
13. oh s-j, song si, kim ys, jang h-j, kim sy, kim m, kim y-k, nahm bh, kim j-k, 2005. arabidopsis cbf3/dreb1a and abf3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to abiotic stress without stunting growth. plant physiology 138: 341-351.
14. norisada m, kojima k, 2005. photosynthetic characteristics of dipterocarp species planted on degraded sandy soils in southern thailand photosynthetica 43: 491-499.
15. munné-bosch s, shikanai t, asada k, 2005. enhanced ferredoxin-dependent cyclic electron flow around photosystem i and -tocopherol quinone accumulation in water-stressed ndhb-inactivated tobacco mutants. planta 222: 502-511.
16. matsubara s, naumann m, martin r, nichol c, rascher u, morosinotto t, bassi r, osmond b, 2005. slowly reversible de-epoxidation of lutein-epoxide in deep shade leaves of a tropical tree legume may ‘lock-in’ lutein-based photoprotection during acclimation to strong light journal of experimental botany 56: 461-468.
17. mano ji, belles-boix e, babiychuk e, inzé d, torii y, hiraoka e, takimoto k, slooten l, asada k, kushnir s, 2005. protection against photooxidative injury of tobacco leaves by 2-alkenal reductase. detoxication of lipid peroxide-derived reactive carbonyls. plant physiology 139: 1773-1783.
18. kotera e, tasaka m, shikanai t, 2005. a pentatricopeptide repeat protein is essential for rna editing in chloroplasts. nature 433: 326-330.
19. kolber z, klimov d, ananyev g, rascher u, berry j, osmond b, 2005. measuring photosynthetic parameters at a distance: laser induced fluorescence transient (lift) method for remote measurements of photosynthesis in terrestrial vegetation. photosynthesis research 84: 121-129.
20. ishihara s, yamamoto y, ifuku k, sato f, 2005. functional analysis of four members of the psbp family in photosystem ii in nicotiana tabacum using differential rna interference. plant cell and physiology 46: 1885-1893.
21. ishida a, toma t, marjenah, 2005. a comparison of in situ leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence at the top canopies in rainforest mature trees. jarq 39: 57-67.
22. houter nc, pons tl, 2005. gap size effects on photoinhibition in understorey saplings in tropical rainforest. plant ecology 179: 43-51.
23. hojo m, tasaka m, shikanai t, 2005. physiological requirements of the nonmevalonate pathway for photo-acclimation in arabidopsis. plant biotechnology 22: 39-45.
24. hirotsu n, makino a, yokota s, mae t, 2005. the photosynthetic properties of rice leaves treated with low temperature and high irradiance plant cell and physiology 46: 1377-1383.
25. hayashi m, yagi m, nito k, kamada t, nishimura m, 2005. differential contribution of two peroxisomal protein receptors to the maintenance of peroxisomal functions in arabidopsis. the journal of biological chemistry 280: 14829-14835.
26. geβler a, duarte hm, franco ac, lüttge u, de mattos ea, nahm m, scarano fr, zaluar hlt, rennenberg h, 2005. ecophysiology of se-lected tree species in different plant communities at the periphery of the atlantic forest of se-brazil ii. spatial and ontogenetic dynamics in andira legalis, a deciduous legume tree. trees 19: 510-522.
27. geßler a, duarte hm, franco ac, lüttge u, de mattos ea, nahm m, rodrigues pjfp, scarano fr, rennenberg h, 2005. ecophysiology of se-lected tree species in different plant communities at the periphery of the atlantic forest of se—brazil iii. three legume trees in a semi-deciduous dry forest. trees 19: 523-530.
28. franco ac, duarte hm, geler a, de mattos ea, nahm m, rennenberg h, ribeiro kt, scarano fr, lüttge u, 2005. in situ measurements of carbon and nitrogen distribution and composition, photochemical efficiency and stable isotope ratios in araucaria angustifolia. trees 19: 422-430.
29. el-lithy me, rodrigues gc, van rensen jjs, snel jfh, dassen hjha, koornneef m, jansen mak, aarts mgm, vreugdenhil d, 2005. altered photosynthetic performance of a natural arabidopsis accession is associated with atrazine resistance journal of experimental botany 56: 1625-1634.
30. chen z, newman i, zhou m, mendham n, zhang g, shabala s, 2005. screening plants for salt tolerance by measuring k+ flux: a case study for barley. plant cell and environment 28: 1230-1246.
31. arena c, vitale l, de santo av, 2005. photosynthetic response of quercus ilex l. plants grown on compost and exposed to increasing photon flux densities and elevated co2. photosynthetica 43: 615-619.
32. ananyev g, kolber zs, klimov d, falkowski pg, berry ja, rascher u, martin r, osmond b, 2005. remote sensing of heterogeneity in photosynthetic efficiency, electron transport and dissipation of excess light in populus deltoides stands under ambient and elevated co2 concentrations, and in a tropical forest canopy, using a new laser-induced fluorescence transient device. global change biology 11: 1195-1206.
33. abdel-ghany se, müller-moulé p, niyogi kk, pilon m, shikanai t, 2005. two p-type atpases are required for copper delivery in arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts the plant cell 17: 1233-1251.
34. 張國盛, 王林和, 李玉靈, 吉川賢, 劉海東, 2004. 切斷匍匐莖對臭柏葉綠素?zé)晒馓匦缘挠绊? 林業(yè)科學(xué) 40: 60－65.
35. zlatev zs, yordanov it, 2004. effects of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. bulg. j. plant physiol. 30: 3-18.
36. yabuta y, maruta t, yoshimura k, ishikawa t, shigeoka s, 2004. two distinct redox signaling pathways for cytosolic apx induction under photooxidative stress plant cell and physiology 45: 1586-1594.
37. woitke m, hartung w, gimmler h, heilmeier h, 2004. chlorophyll fluorescence of submerged and floating leaves of the aquatic resurrection plant chamaegigas intrepidus. functional plant biology 31: 53-62.
38. walter a, rascher u, osmond b, 2004. transitions in photosynthetic parameters of midvein and interveinal regions of leaves and theif importance during leaf growth and development. plant biology 6: 184-191.
39. sinsawat v, leipner j, stamp p, fracheboud y, 2004. effect of heat stress on the photosynthetic apparatus in maize (zea mays l.) grown at control or high temperature. environmental and experimental botany 52: 123–129.
40. scholefield pa, doick kj, herbert bmj, hewitt cns, schnitzler j-p, pinelli p, loreto f, 2004. impact of rising co2 on emissions of volatile organic compounds: isoprene emission from phragmites australis growing at elevated co2 in a natural carbon dioxide spring. plant cell and environment 27: 393-401.
41. rascher u, bobich eg, lin gh, walter a, morris t, naumann m, nichol cj, pierce d, bil k, kudeyarov v, berry ja, 2004. functional diversity of photosynthesis during drought in a model tropical rainforest–the contributions of leaf area, photosynthetic electron transport and stomatal conductance to reduction in net ecosystem carbon exchange. plant cell and environment 27: 1239-1256.
42. nagashima a, hanaoka m, shikanai t, fujiwara m, kanamaru k, takahashi h, tanaka k, 2004. the multiple-stress responsive plastid sigma factor, sig5, directs activation of the psbd blue light-responsive promoter (blrp) in arabidopsis thaliana plant cell and physiology 45: 357-368.
43. munekage y, hashimoto m, miyake c, tomizawa k-i, endo t, tasaka m, shikanai t, 2004. cyclic electron flow around photosystem i is essential for photosynthesis nature 429: 579-582.
44. hurst ac, grams tee, ratajczak r, 2004. effects of salinity, high irradiance, ozone, and ethylene on mode of photosynthesis, oxidative stress and oxidative damage in the c3/cam intermediate plant mesembryanthemum crystallinum l. plant cell and environment 27: 187-197.
45. hirotsu n, makino a, ushio a, mae t, 2004. changes in the thermal dissipation and the electron flow in the water–water cycle in rice grown under conditions of physiologically low temperature plant cell and physiology 45: 635-644.
46. giannino d, condello e, bruno l, testone g, tartarini a, cozza r, innocenti am, bitonti mb, mariotti d, 2004. the gene geranylgeranyl reductase of peach (prunus persica [l.] batsch) is regulated during leaf development and responds differentially to distinct stress factors. journal of experimental botany 55: 2063-2073.
47. el-lithy me, clerkx ejm, ruys gj, koornneef m, vreugdenhil d, 2004. quantitative trait locus analysis of growth-related traits in a new arabidopsis recombinant inbred population. plant physiology 135: 444-458.
48. baier m, ströher e, dietz k-j, 2004. the acceptor availability at photosystem i and aba control nuclear expression of 2-cys peroxiredoxin-a in arabidopsis thaliana plant cell and physiology 45: 997-1006.
化工儀器網(wǎng)