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pam-2100——野外光合作用研究的*儀器
schreiber教授因發(fā)明pam系列調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x而獲得首屆光合作用協(xié)會（ispr）創(chuàng)新獎(jiǎng)

1983年，walz公司*科學(xué)家、德國烏茲堡大學(xué)的ulrich schreiber教授設(shè)計(jì)制造了**臺調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-101/102/103，使在自然光下測量葉綠素?zé)晒獬蔀楝F(xiàn)實(shí)，解決了科學(xué)界近50年的技術(shù)瓶頸。pam-101/102/103迅速在植物生理、生態(tài)、農(nóng)學(xué)、林學(xué)、水生生物學(xué)等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用，出版了大量高水平研究文獻(xiàn)。但該儀器比較笨重，不易帶到野外。

1992年，walz公司*科學(xué)家、調(diào)制熒光儀發(fā)明人、德國烏茲堡大學(xué)的ulrich schreiber教授設(shè)計(jì)制造了**臺便攜式調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-2000，并且在植物生理生態(tài)學(xué)等科研領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用，此后十幾年中成為zui的調(diào)制熒光儀。

2003年，walz公司在保留pam-2000所有功能和優(yōu)點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合技術(shù)，將pam-2000升級到了pam-2100。

系統(tǒng)描述
pam-2100采用了*的調(diào)制技術(shù)和飽和脈沖技術(shù)，從而可以通過選擇性的原位測量葉綠素?zé)晒鈦頇z測植物光合作用的變化。pam-2100的調(diào)制測量光足夠低，可以只激發(fā)色素的本底熒光而不引起任何的光合作用，從而可以真實(shí)的記錄基礎(chǔ)熒光fo。pam-2100具有很強(qiáng)的靈敏度和選擇性，使其即使在很強(qiáng)的、未經(jīng)濾光片處理的環(huán)境下（如全日照甚至是10000 μmol m^-2 s^-1的飽和光強(qiáng)下）也可測定熒光產(chǎn)量而不受到干擾。因此，pam-2100不但適合在實(shí)驗(yàn)室人工控制的環(huán)境下測量，還可以在自然環(huán)境中甚至是強(qiáng)烈的全光照條件下開展野外科學(xué)研究。

pam-2100是非常便攜、強(qiáng)大的測量系統(tǒng)，它將各種光學(xué)和電子元件組裝在一個(gè)24 cm×10.5 cm×11 cm的外殼中。測量光由655 nm的發(fā)光二極管（led）發(fā)出，可在低頻（600 hz）和高頻（20 khz）間自動切換。光化光（光合生物實(shí)際可吸收利用進(jìn)行光合作用的可見光）由鹵素?zé)簦ò坠猓┗蚣t光led（655 nm）提供。遠(yuǎn)紅光（735 nm，促進(jìn)光系統(tǒng)i迅速消耗掉在pq處累積的電子）由led發(fā)出。

pam-2100的按鍵操作非常簡單?；A(chǔ)測量只需單健操作。數(shù)據(jù)在內(nèi)置電腦中自動分析、存儲并且在顯示屏上顯示。除了“參數(shù)窗"外，在“動力學(xué)窗"還可顯示曲線的實(shí)時(shí)變化。

pam-2100利用光纖進(jìn)行信號傳輸。光適應(yīng)葉夾2030-b（產(chǎn)品）上配備微型光量子/溫度傳感器，可在記錄熒光信號的同時(shí)，同步記錄光合有效輻射（par）和溫度變化。

pam-2100內(nèi)設(shè)10個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)run（預(yù)先編好的間隔一定時(shí)間并按一定順序執(zhí)行特定命令的程序），用戶只需一次按鍵就可進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的實(shí)驗(yàn)。用戶還可對這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)run進(jìn)行編輯得到自己的user-run（數(shù)量不限），來滿足特殊的實(shí)驗(yàn)需要。
pam-2100主機(jī)可以直接連接電腦（圓口）鍵盤，在野外現(xiàn)場，可以根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)需要，不需電腦就可以進(jìn)行特殊程序的編輯。

pam-2100還可以設(shè)定單機(jī)操作軟件da-2100自動間隔一定時(shí)間執(zhí)行某個(gè)run或user-run，而run是可以無限擴(kuò)展的，因此，可以說pam-2100的功能幾乎可以無限擴(kuò)展。只要將主機(jī)和葉夾（均可固定在三角架上）固定好，按一次按鍵，（人不在現(xiàn)場看守）儀器可以自動進(jìn)行非常復(fù)雜的測量過程。

此外，pam-2100主機(jī)還可以連接電腦顯示器或投影儀放大顯示，非常適合進(jìn)行教學(xué)使用。

特點(diǎn)
1） 聲譽(yù)*的pam-2000的升級版
2） 精巧、準(zhǔn)確、迅速、操作簡便的高級光合作用檢測設(shè)備
3） 可單機(jī)操作（采用內(nèi)置電腦，da-2100軟件記錄），可連接外置電腦操作（windows操作軟件pamwin）
4） 便攜式設(shè)計(jì)，帶大屏幕液晶顯示屏（可顯示曲線變化）和20個(gè)按鍵
5） 強(qiáng)大的數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析和存貯功能
6） 可以預(yù)先編寫和設(shè)定程序，進(jìn)行特殊研究目的測量
7） 內(nèi)置鋰電池可滿足長時(shí)間野外工作需要，并可連接外置12 v電池
8） 多種葉夾可供選擇，設(shè)計(jì)的光適應(yīng)葉夾2030-b可同時(shí)記錄par和溫度變化
9） 光源選擇：自然光，內(nèi)置光源（提供測量光、光化光、飽和脈沖和遠(yuǎn)紅光），可選外置鹵素?zé)艄庠矗ㄌ貏e適合野外研究）

功能
1） 可測熒光誘導(dǎo)曲線的快速上升動力學(xué)o-i-d-p相和o-j-i-p相
2） 可測熒光誘導(dǎo)曲線的慢速下降動力學(xué)并進(jìn)行淬滅分析（fo, fm, fv/fm, f, fm, fo’, df/fm’, qp, qn, npq, retr等）
3） 可測光響應(yīng)曲線和快速光曲線（rlc）
4） 儀器內(nèi)置一系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)（run1～run10），用戶可對其進(jìn)行編輯建立自己的user-run
5） 可在線檢測植物、微藻、地衣、苔蘚等的光合作用變化
6） 單機(jī)操作功能強(qiáng)大，特別適合野外操作，實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單機(jī)操作時(shí)可連接電腦顯示器或投影儀放大顯示

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
儀器設(shè)計(jì)特別適合野外使用，可用于研究光合作用機(jī)理、各種環(huán)境因子（光、溫、營養(yǎng)等）對植物生理狀態(tài)的影響、植物抗逆性（干旱、冷、熱、澇、uv、病毒、污染、重金屬等）、植物的長期生態(tài)學(xué)變化等。在植物生理學(xué)、植物生態(tài)學(xué)、植物病理學(xué)、農(nóng)學(xué)、林學(xué)、園藝學(xué)、水生生物學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、微藻生物技術(shù)、極地植物光合作用研究等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛應(yīng)用。

10個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)run
run 1：測量實(shí)際量子產(chǎn)量yield（δf/fm’）
run 2：測量zui大量子產(chǎn)量fv/fm
run 3：記錄誘導(dǎo)曲線并進(jìn)行淬滅分析（采點(diǎn)率10 ms/點(diǎn)）
run 4：記錄誘導(dǎo)曲線并進(jìn)行淬滅分析（采點(diǎn)率30 ms/點(diǎn)）
run 5：qn 的馳豫動力學(xué)
run 6：快速誘導(dǎo)動力學(xué)o-i-d-p相（線性時(shí)間）
run 7：快速誘導(dǎo)動力學(xué)o-j-i-p相（對數(shù)時(shí)間）
run 8：光響應(yīng)曲線（需76 min）（稍加編輯即可測量快速光曲線）
run 9：光響應(yīng)曲線（需33 min）（稍加編輯即可測量快速光曲線）
run 10：儀器自檢

用戶可根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)需要，自行修改或編制程序；如需幫助，請！

無限擴(kuò)展的編程功能，單機(jī)操作功能更加強(qiáng)大?。?！

技術(shù)參數(shù)
測量光：紅色發(fā)光二極管（led），650 nm，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)度0.1 μmol m^-2 s^-1 par；調(diào)制頻率0.6或20 khz，自動轉(zhuǎn)換。
光化光：
? 紅色led，665 nm，zui大連續(xù)光強(qiáng)600 μmol m^-2 s^-1 par
? 鹵素?zé)簦?v/20w，zui大連續(xù)光強(qiáng)8500 μmol m^-2 s^-1 par
飽和脈沖：鹵素?zé)簦?v/20w，zui大飽和閃光強(qiáng)度μmol m^-2 s^-1 par。
遠(yuǎn)紅光：led，730 nm，zui大強(qiáng)度15 w m-2。
信號檢測：pin-光電二極管，帶短波截止濾光片（λ>710 nm）；選擇性鎖相放大器（設(shè)計(jì)）。
數(shù)據(jù)存儲：128 mb
測量參數(shù)：fo, fm, fm’, f, fo’, fv/fm（max. yield）, δf/fm’（yield）, qp, qn, npq, etr, par和葉溫等。

部分文獻(xiàn)

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