采用光電元件作為檢測元件的傳感器。它首先把被測量的變化轉換成光信號的變化，然后借助光電元件進一步將光信號轉換成電信號。光電傳感器一般由光源、光學通路和光電元件三部分組成。由光通量對光電元件的作用原理不同所制成的光學測控系統(tǒng)是多種多樣的,按光電元件（光學測控系統(tǒng)）輸出量性質可分二類,即模擬式光電傳感器和脈沖（開關）式光電傳感器.模擬式光電傳感器是將被測量轉換
      德國SICK施克中國辦事處傳感器的發(fā)展：成連續(xù)變化的光電流,它與被測量間呈單值關系.模擬式光電傳感器按被測量（檢測目標物體）方法可分為透射（吸收）式,漫反射式,遮光式（光束阻檔）三大類.所謂透射式是指被測物體放在光路中,恒光源發(fā)出的光能量穿過被測物,部份被吸收后,透射光投射到光電元件上;所謂漫反射式是指恒光源發(fā)出的光投射到被測物上,再從被測物體表面反射后投射到光電元件上;所謂遮光式是指當光源發(fā)出的光通量經(jīng)被測物光遮其中一部份,使投射剄光電元件上的光通量改變,改變的程度與被測物體在光路位置有關. 光敏二極管是zui常見的光傳感器。光敏二極管的外型與一般二極管一樣，只是它的管殼上開有一個嵌著玻璃的窗口，以便于光線射入，為增加受光面積，PN結的面積做得較大，光敏二極管工作在反向偏置的工作狀態(tài)下，并與負載電阻相串聯(lián)，當無光照時，它與普通二極管一樣，反向電流很小（<&micro;A），稱為光敏二極管的暗電流；當有光照時，載流子被激發(fā)，產(chǎn)生電子-空穴，稱為光電 光電傳感器載流子。在外電場的作用下，光電載流子參于導電，形成比暗電流大得多的反向電流，該反向電流稱為光電流。光電流的大小與光照強度成正比，于是在負載電阻上就能得到隨光照強度變化而變化的電信號。
      德國SICK施克中國辦事處傳感器的發(fā)展：光敏三極管除了具有光敏二極管能將光信號轉換成電信號的功能外，還有對電信號放大的功能。光敏三級管的外型與一般三極管相差不大，一般光敏三極管只引出兩個極——發(fā)射極和集電極，基極不引出，管殼同樣開窗口，以便光線射入。為增大光照，基區(qū)面積做得很大，發(fā)射區(qū)較小，入射光主要被基區(qū)吸收。工作時集電結反偏，發(fā)射結正偏。在無光照時管子流過的電流為暗電流Iceo=（1+β）Icbo（很小），比一般三極管的穿透電流還??；當有光照時，激發(fā)大量的電子-空穴對，使得基極產(chǎn)生的電流Ib增大，此刻流過管子的電流稱為光電流，集電極電流Ic=（1+β）Ib，可見光電三極管要比光電二極管具有更高的靈敏度。
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